History of War – Issue 79, 2020
English | 103 pages | pdf | 94.25 MB

Welcome at History of War magazine Issue 79, 2020

A lthough Nazi Germany’s borders had been infiltrated prior to March 1945, the first significant thrust into the Fatherland came with Operations Plunder and Varsity. Masterminded by
Field Marshal Montgomery, this offensive would resemble the ill-fated Operation Market Garden months earlier – spearheaded with a massive airborne assault, supported by armour. However, unlike the disaster in the Netherlands, the crossing of the Rhine river would prove to be a resounding triumph of military engineering and planning, marking the beginning of the end for the Third Reich

LEGENDS OF THE SENGOKU

Born the son of a farmer and part-time soldier in a backwater village, Hideyoshi left home in his mid-teens, eventually joining the ranks of the up-and-coming warlord, Oda Nobunaga, in 1558.
Originally serving as Nobunaga’s sandal bearer, he rose through the ranks on his wit, charm and martial merit – eventually proving himself a spectacular general. He was instrumental in Nobunaga’s conquest, helping his lord seize a third of the country – for which he was awarded his own fief. When Nobunaga was betrayed in 1582 and committed seppuku, an outraged Hideyoshi avenged his master at lightning speed – killing the traitor at the Battle of Yamazaki, and cementing his own position as Nobunaga’s spiritual successor. After a brief conflict with Tokugawa Ieyasu, the latter acquiesced. Eager to reinforce his might with the right to rule, Hideyoshi had himself adopted into the Fujiwara clan – which had held a monopoly over the imperial regency – allowing him to become the first ever non-Fujiwara regent, before installing a puppet emperor.
After crushing the Shimazu and Hojo clans, Hideyoshi completed Nobunaga’s spectacular unification of Japan. A master administrator, he oversaw a dramatic centralisation of power, reforming the tax system, dividing society into warrior, merchant, artisan and peasant groups, setting strict rules and rights for each. He went on to confiscate weapons from all farmers and warrior monks.
Having delivered peace to Japan, fuelled by delusions of grandeur, Hideyoshi directed the country’s war apparatus outwards. Bragging of his plans to conquer China, he launched an enormous 200,000-man invasion of Korea in 1592 – a violent campaign that turned into a stalemate once China came to its vassal’s aid. Growing increasingly erratic in old age, Hideyoshi died in 1598, bringing his Korean campaign to a rapid close, and ushering in a last deadly stage of civil war.

ODA NOBUNAGA ODA CLAN 1551-1582

Oda Nobunaga was just a teenager when his father, the chief of Owari, died and spent the next eight years battling his family for control. In 1560, he was attacked by a neighbouring warlord’s army of 25,000, which he defeated in spectacular fashion with a ragtag bunch of just 3,000 peasants and ruffians. Emboldened, Nobunaga struck up a series of alliances and conquered his way to the capital in just eight years, installing a new shogun, before waging a ruthless war against the country’s powerful warrior monks. He was an early adopter of the arquebus, perfecting its use at the 1575 Battle of Nagashino. Here he used three lines of mass volleys to devastate the Takeda’s notorious cavalry charge.
Ever an innovator, he not only built the revolutionary Azuchi Castle, but designed Japan’s first ever armoured ships. However, in 1582, having conquered a third of the country, he was betrayed by one of his own vassals – forcing him to commit suicide by seppuku. Oda Nobunaga was a ruthless general, making friends of his enemies, or else destroying them without mercy

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